Persuasive Essay On Gun Control - 1130 Words

Gun control is a very controversial topic, especially with all of the violent attacks against people by people who believe they are the dominant over everyone else. Our society is becoming a place where the people feel as if their freedom of the right to bear arms is being threatened. If a person was to set a gun on the table would it kill the other person standing across from them? No. Although guns are a main factor contributing to the most recent deaths of people who are depressed or law bidding citizens who are trying to protect themselves, would stricter regulations interfere with everyone’s right to bear arms or would it decrease these deaths? Right now the leading cause of the deaths in the United States is Suicidal teenagers. When†¦show more content†¦He parents ended up getting him baker acted and for a year everything seemed like it was going so well. His family was doing everything they could get him help and then he started to feel the same way he felt before. He stopped taking the pills, He talked to me for one last time and the next day he was found in his back yard hanging from the branch of a tree. Guns are a big topic in the U.S. right now because they leave behind big damages, but whether or not they take away guns people who are suicidal will find a way to end their lives, whether it is over dosing or it is some other way. To cure a teen who is mentally ill taking away guns is not the answer, it’s hard to tell if a teen is depressed, but there are signs but now everyone sees the signs or is paying attention to reach out a helping hand. There are a lot of law bidding citizens out there who are able to carry a firearm on their side and have been in the right place at the right time to stop threatening behavior. Americans defend themselves with guns between 764,000 and 3.6 million times a year and that’s just using a gun during an attack. Bullies or bad guy’s targets are sometimes the elderly, women or anyone they deem weak. For people who can carry concealed weapons they are capable of defending themselves or the people around them. The fire arm, then becomes an equalizer. In a life or deathShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay : Gun Control798 Words   |  4 PagesPersuasive Essay Did you know that in the United States almost 100,000 people are shot or killed with a gun in one year? 10,527 people die a year in handgun related incidents in the United States. This number, by far, outweighs the number of gun related deaths in countries such as Sweden, Great Britain, and Japan, which number 13, 22, and 87, respectively. What is the reason for such drastic differences in numbers? Sweden, Great Britain, and Japan are all countries that have stricter gun controlRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1753 Words   |  8 PagesPersuasive Essay Rough Draft The United States of America has a problem that is growing worse every day. American laws are not protecting its citizens from injury or death. You may think the mass shootings in America the guns used were bought illegally, but â€Å"since 1982, there have been at least 62 mass shooter carried out with firearms across the country, with the killings unfolding in 30 states from Massachusetts to Hawaii. Of the 139 guns possessed by the killers, more than three quarters wereRead More Persuasive Articles on Gun Control Essays607 Words   |  3 PagesPersuasive Articles on Gun Control Persuading an audience can be done in several different fashions, one of which is Hugh Rank’s Model of Persuasion. Rank’s model states that two major strategies are used to achieve the particular goal of persuasion. These strategies are nicely set into two main schemas; the first method is to exaggerate an aspect of something, known as â€Å"intensify.† While the second is to discredit it, which is referred to as â€Å"downplay.† Al Franken, Jeffrey SnyderRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1018 Words   |  5 PagesImagine, an America where no citizen, law abiding or not, has the legal ability to own guns. Three gunmen with fully automatic rifles walk into a crowded city and begin firing. No law abiding citizen can defend themselves. It’s hopeless. This future can only be prevented if Americans continue to keep the second amendment. We should keep the current gun control laws, but revise them to make them even better. Most gun own ers are responsible under the current laws, however, I think some laws need to beRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1245 Words   |  5 Pagesand time again. Due to recent tragedies involving firearms, the view of guns and peoples rights to own and operate firearms have been frowned upon and viewed in a bad light due to Media. News sources have cherrypicked pictures of tragedies and stories about bad instances of gun usage in order to fight for Gun Control and the suppression of Americans rights. Due to the recent Vegas shooting, the argument for Gun Control has never been more intense, and Media outlets are having a field day onRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control915 Words   |  4 PagesHistorically guns haven’t been a national issue. It is not until relatively recently that an overwhelming amount of people have been in favor of placing stricter laws on the owning of a fire arm. The call for gun control has become more prevalent in the eyes of the government and the people; the gun laws that are also often proposed are irrational and ineffective. One could not simply ban guns, it is comparable to banning a certain genre of music; it’s unachievable and would be a fruitless pursuitRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1745 Words   |  7 Pagescruelty to animals, and yet he was able to buy four guns legally (Rosenberg). That is the most recent example of why Americans need more gun control laws. Guns are not cool or makes you look good, they are a da ngerous piece of machinery that Americans take advantage of. The average American in the right mindset should not want to own anything more than one handgun or rifle for hunting or protecting their household. Gun control reform that limits gun ownership, enforces mandatory background checks, andRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1439 Words   |  6 Pagesreason why Americans own so many guns is because of the Second Amendment, which states, â€Å"A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a Free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.† (Rauch) This amendment guarantees U.S. citizens the right to have firearms. Since this amendment is relatively vague, it is up for interpretation, and is often used by gun advocates to argue for lenient gun laws. Hence, gun control is a frequently discussed controversialRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control967 Words   |  4 Pagessaid gun violence has gotten out of hand. This do esn’t mean that the second amendment is the cause of it. Gun Violence has become such a big part of the Second Amendment since they both play a major part of the gun industry. Guns have become such a powerful source to many individuals. With the second amendment placed, this means we have gun control, which are rules that regulate, the manufacture, possession, modification, or use of firearms by civilians. There should be a stricter law on gun controlRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1634 Words   |  7 PagesOver the recents years, there have been many arguments about the issue of gun control at the state and national level. In California, there have been a variety of enacted laws within recent years to address the issue of growing gun violence around the country and ways to prevent terrorist attacks. California s new enacted laws about gun control in the state range from abolishing certain features on weapons to restricting certain handguns or other firearms a person might buy. The legislative branch

Is India really a Democracy - 862 Words

Is India really a Democracy? To : The Times of India Subject: Reflection on an article in TOI by CM Arvind Kejriwal, about India being democracy. Dear Sir, I am a student in New Delhi and recently came across one of your article on the TOI blog titled as â€Å"Is India really a Democracy†. Firstly, I would like to appreciate you Mr. Arvind Kejriwal for writing such an important, inspiring and a worth reading article. Before reading this article, I had gone through some of your activities and credentials and I could gather that you are a man of actions who does not believe only on preaching or giving lectures to others but actually is a go getter. It is also very inspiring to know that you have always been a first timer; you qualified through IIT, IRS and the Civil Services Exam all in your first attempt and now you have made it possible as a Chief Minister as well in the very first attempt. You resigned from a very lucrative job which could have given you a fat bank balance apart from a few lavish bungalows and started a drive against bribery and corruption through your Organization â€Å"Parivartan†. There is therefore no doubt that today you are the role model to us ‘The Younger Generation’. I do agree with most of the flaws that you have stated about our current Indian Political System. From my limited knowledge about the Indian Polity and what I acquired after reading your article is that the main problems that lieShow MoreRelatedVoter Awarenes and People Participation the Democratic India885 Words   |  4 PagesMass for Awareness Democracy is a form of government in which power is held by â€Å"the people under a free electoral system. 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The Research of Ground Services, Airlines and Airports Relationship Free Essays

The research of ground services, airlines and airports relationship Abstract The purpose of this report is to investigate the airport ground services, the relationship between airports and airlines, and the scope of ground services. The results indicated that airports are multifunction service center that offer a large range of services to airlines and their passengers, airports and airlines are highly interdependent. However, the relationship between airports and airlines become competition, privatization, and globalization within the industry. We will write a custom essay sample on The Research of Ground Services, Airlines and Airports Relationship or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. 0Introduction Airports are an essential part of the air transport system. They provide all the infrastructure needed to enable passengers and freight to transfer from surface to air modes of transport and to allow airlines to take off and land’(Anne 2012, p. 1). It is argued that the elementary airport infrastructure are composed of runways, taxiways, apron space, gates, passenger and freight terminals, and ground transport interchanges. In order to be capable of fulfilling their role within the air transport industry, airports aggregate many different of facilities and services (Anne 2012). These services could include ‘air traffic control, security, fire and rescue in the airfield’ (Anne 2012, p. 1). Handling facilities are provided to passengers with their baggage, transport between aircraft and terminals, and handling within the terminal. On the other, airports also provide a large range of commercial services consist of shops and restaurants to hotels, conference services and business parks (Anne, 2012). This report will analyse the crux ground services to the airlines at airport, it will also illustrate the relevance between airport and airlines. Finally, it will state the process and activities of ground services. 2. 0Findings 2. 1 Key ground services The crux ground services of airport are ground services. Ground handling activities at airports are extremely significant to airlines (Anne 2012). They influence both to an airline’s expense and the quality of service which airports offer to their passengers. Ground handling services could divide into ‘passenger handling, baggage handling, freight and mail handling, ramp handling, fuel and oil handling, and aircraft services and maintenance’. Anne 2012, p. 126) These activities are often provide between ‘terminal or traffic handling, which is passenger check-in, baggage and freight handling, and airside or ramp handling, which covers activities such as aircraft loading and unloading, cleaning and servicing’ (Anne 2012, p. 126). Occasionally, these services are provided by the airport operators, however, most of airports are provided by airlines or handling agents (Anne, 2012). 2. 2 The relationship between the airports and airlines Tyler (2011), IATA’s director general and CEO argues that ‘airports and airlines share a common interest in making aviation safer, more secure, user-friendly, operationally efficient and environmentally responsible’. It is argued that ‘an airport and an airline at one airport are, by nature of the business, jointly making a business project at the airport’ (Hihara 2010, p. 2). Airport is to provide related service to airlines, in exchange for landing fee, at the same time, airline provide air transport service to the airport, with or without stimulative money from the airport. These two services are not separable in one sense that each service may not exist without the other. ‘Also they are in a strategic complementary relationship, where one side’s effort could improve not only its own but also the other side’s contribution to the value of the joint project’ (Hihara 2010, p. 2). For instance, airport aims to improve airport services for purpose of increasing the charm of the airport and help airline’s isolated achievement to bring more passengers, as a result of both ending up in enjoying more incomes. Therefore further efforts arising from such contractual relationship in addition to such interdependent relationship could have the potential to significantly enhance the values of the project both sides are participating in’ (Hihara 2010, p. 2). However, Anne (2012) argues that ‘airline–airport relationship is changing, being driven by trends towards greater competition, privatization, and globalization within the industry’. At the same time, ‘the airline–airport relationship is starting to become much more to do with the linking of two privately owned international companies, rather than two state owned organizations operated within the limits of national laws and regulations’ (Anne 2012, p. 132). 2. 3 Ground Services Model There are three kinds of ground handling models, historically; ground handling services may often controlled by the national airline or airport operator. Some airport operators such as Milan, Rome, Vienna, and Frankfurt airports, which have been heavily involved in such activities, earn very significant revenues from such activities – sometimes over half the total income of the airport’ (Anne 2012, p. 126). On the other side, the airlines operator will just pay rental fees and perhaps a small concession fee to the airports, and airlines or third party ground handling companies would provide the handling services. ‘Countries in Europe where the national airline has had a handling monopoly include Spain with Iberia and Greece with Olympic’ (Anne 2012, p. 26). It is believed that ‘European airports showed 44 per cent of aircraft movements were handled by airport operators, 27 per cent were self-handled by the national carrier, 8 per cent were handled by the national carrier for other airlines, 7 per cent were handled by independent ground handlers, and the remaining 14 per cent were self handled by other airlines. By contrast, in terms of passenger numbers, only 16 percent were handled by the airport operator, again 7 per cent by independent ground handlers and the rest by airlines’ (Anne cited in Deutsche Bank, 2012). Furthermore, ‘the relationship between airports and airlines in the United States is unique and so is worthy of special consideration’ (Anne 2012, p. 129). Anne (2012) also argues that ‘the airports and airlines enter into legally binding contracts include airport use and lease agreements which detail the fees and rental rates which an airline has to pay, the method by which these are to be calculated and the conditions for the use of both airfield and terminal facilities’. The key reason for the existence of these agreements is private bondholders need a formal relationship between the airports and airlines before investing in the airport. 2. 4 The scope of airport ground services Ground handling as the most significant services to airlines at airport, it could be divided into three aspects, passenger handling, cargo handling and ramp handling. Passenger handling †¢ Ticking: ticket reservation, ticker sales, cancellations, and rebooking †¢ Check-in: check-in service and issue boarding cards Boarding: check boarding card, cross-checking passenger list, check identification and call missing passengers †¢ Flight information: flight timetables, passenger and baggage information †¢ Pick-up service: baggage tracing and delivery †¢ VIP and individual service: provide special service to VIP, child, disabled and elderly †¢ The other services: seating, restroom, toilets, duty-free stores, finance, etc. ( Munich Airport, 2013) Cargo handling †¢ Document handling: mail and necessary paper handling ( Munich Airport, 2013) †¢ Baggage handling: it could be divided into two parts . Departure baggage handling: deliver baggage to check-in, tagging and weighing, transport of baggage to airside, arranging and packing, deliver baggage to planeside and loading onto aircraft (Ashford, N. , Stanton, H. , and Moore, C. ,1997) 2. Arrival baggage handling: unloading from aircraft, deliver to terminal, arranging and loading onto claim devices, transport to reclaim area, announcement of baggage reclaim, and transport from reclaim area. (Ashford, N. , Stanton, H. , and Moore, C. 1997) Ramp handling †¢ Towing: towing of aircraft †¢ Maintenance: flight inspection, air conditioning, ground power supply, and deicing. †¢ Replenishment: fueling, catering †¢ Sanitation: fuselage and cabin cleaning. ( Munich Airport, 2013) 3. 0 Conclusion Based on findings, it can be found that the crux ground services of ai rports are ground handling, airports and airlines are highly depend on each other, they are multifunction service center that provide a large range of services o airlines and their passengers on the medium or marginal site of an air trip. However, the relationship between airports and airlines become competition, privatization, and globalization. References Ashford, N. , Stanton, H. , and Moore, C. 1997 , Airport Operations, 2nd edn, McGraw-Hill, New York. Anne, G 2012, Managing Airports, Taylor and Francis publishing, London, UK, viewed 10 April 2013, RMIT University library database. Hihara, K 2010, Analysis on Airport-Airline Relationship with Risk Sharing Contract, viewed 10 April 2013. lt; http://www. pp. u-tokyo. ac. jp/research/dp/documents/GraSPP-DP-E-10-001_ITPU-DP-E-10-001. pdf. Munich Airport 2013, business and partners, ground handling services, viewed 10 April 2013. http://www. munich-airport. de/en/business/branchen/gh/index. jsp. Tyler , T 2011, ‘Innovation in Airline-Airport Cooperation’, Press room, 2 November, viewed 10 April 2013. http://www. iata. org/pressroom/pr/pages/2011-11-02-01. aspx. How to cite The Research of Ground Services, Airlines and Airports Relationship, Essays

Monopolistic and Oligopoly Market Structures free essay sample

Monopoly is a type of market structure in which there is only one seller controlling the whole industry of a certain offspring that does not have a close substitute. Monopoly vs Oligopoly Monopoly Market Characteristics One characteristic of a monopoly rialto structure is in the fact that the market dominated by the monopoly is the exact opposite of a competitive rialto, where there are many competitors offering standardized offsprings for sale.On the monopoly market, there is no competition, there is only one manufacturer offering a unique product. This allows the seller to assign to the monopolist an arbitrary price, which ensures his maximum profit. The law of demand does not work. The appetite of a monopolist is limited only by the share of income that he will be able to wrest from the purse of the hunted consumer. Monopoly rialto is characterized by a special market situation. This is complete freedom of action for one and the lack of freedom of choice for everyone else. Monopoly rialto has a limited number of participants: either one producer (seller) a monopoly; or one consumer (buyer) is a monopsony. As a monopsony, a large processing company usually acts. For example, it can be the largest metallurgical combine in the region for many small coal mines, the largest meat factory for a variety of farms specializing in the cultivation of cattle.On the monopoly market there are: a) monopolistically high prices established by a monopoly, as the sole manufacturer and seller of the finished product; b) monopoly-low prices set by monopsony, as the sole buyer of raw materials. For all other rialto participants, there may be price scissors when one farm (domestic or farm) falls into a situation of monopolistically high and monopolistically low prices. For example, a farm buys electricity or computers at monopoly-high prices, and sells its livestock, grain or grapes at monopoly-low prices. The offspring on the monopoly market can be either differentiated (diverse in terms of assortment), or the same (standard and limited in assortment). But in any case, there are no substitute goods.The monopoly rialto means the inability of other companies to enter the industry, creating special barriers to obstacles. Among such barriers, the scale effect plays a leading role. In certain industries, efficiency can only be achieved by large enterprises, which are practically impossible to displace by other producers.   The offspring of small manufacturers-competitors will be uncompetitive for the costs of its production. And even large companies can not make a worthy competition without a specific production base: equipment, technology, patents. Negative Features of Monopoly monopolistic market reduces the standard of living (because the consumer is forced to pay inflated prices while reducing other costs), reduces the quality of goods (limited supply makes the buyer less finicky), reduces the economic efficiency of production (monopolies do not care about cost savings, as everything will be paid by the consumer ). In other words, there is no need to worry only about the price reduction (as in the rialto of imperfect competition), but also about the quality of the offspring (as in the market of oligopolistic competition). This is one of the difference between monopoly and oligopoly. Conditions for the Emergence of a Monopoly Market and Competition The monopoly rialto arises mainly as a result of the merger of crews that prefer the serene life of a monopolist with guaranteed incomes to a constant risk in a competitive struggle. There are, however, also such monopoly markets, the origin of which is natural or expedient in nature. The natural monopoly rialto reflects, as a rule, the uniqueness of the natural resources of the country, region, city (gold deposits, precious stones, oil, or citrus, or resort conditions); copyright is a kind of monopoly. Appropriate monopoly markets arise where a large number of producers would reduce economic efficiency (for example, supplying the population with electricity, gas, water, telephone lines, transport links, etc.).In most countries, anti-rialto monopolies are pursued by the state under the antitrust law: the first such law was passed in the United States in 1890 and is known by the authors name (Shermans law); any actions of producers that restrict freedom of trade are prohibited. A firm recognized as a monopoly pays higher taxes, often it is forced to transform into several independent crews.Monopoly often does not allow even the appearance of an opponent. And for this, dumping, unfair advertising, pressure on resource providers and banks to restrict rivals in resources; enticement of leading specialists; industrial espionage; interception of profitable government orders are used. It should be noted that the legislation of many countries dumping is prohibited. However, in practice, it is difficult to distinguish between dumping and a natural decrease in prices, as a result of lower production costs. Cartels are prohibited as a form of monopoly associations. But cartel-type conspiracies can be carried out secretly and have no legal documents.It should be noted that in the conditions of the monopoly market, for example, there is potential competition the possibility of new manufacturers appearing in the industry. If there is no legal prohibition to engage in this type of activity, the appearance of a competitor is always possible.   The threat may arise from a small venture company that has developed an improved version of the product. This is a competition of innovations. Therefore, the monopolist is forced to engage in a qualitative transformation of its goods and the introduction of new economic methods of production, with a subsequent decline in rialto prices. However, this is rather a potential possibility of competition, rather than competition itself. Practice convincingly proves that monopolies that have grown out of competition transform the competition itself and even completely suppress it. In order to protect competition and limit monopolies, the state is used as an effective legislative subject of the market. As a result, the third type of rialto is formed the mixed market. Oligopoly Market and Its Features Oligopoly markets form the basis of the economy of any industrially developed country since they are inherent in industries with the maximum innovative and investment potential: automotive, aircraft, chemical industry. This type of rialto takes an intermediate position in its properties between purely monopolistic and monopolist-competitive markets. Oligopolies can be either differentiated or homogeneous in terms of the characteristics of the offsprings.Its distinctive features are: A small number of crews on the rialto. For example, taking into account the international or intersectoral competition of crews producing substitute offsprings, significantly adjusts the scale of the power of an individual firm in the oligopolistic market towards its reduction. One characteristic of an oligopoly market structure is in the fact that this rialto is quite diverse. Usually two main types are distinguished: a rigid oligopoly (in which 3-4 crews occupy the whole market of this product) and a soft, diffuse, loose oligopoly (in which the industry has a core of 6-7 largest crews occupying up to 80% of the rialto and a lot of other crews of competitive environment that work with the remaining industry demand). So it is possible to speak about the ease of entry in an oligopoly in the framework of the rest 20%. From the small number of crews in the oligopoly environment, the problem of mutual influence of crews on each other follows. Expectations that the competitor firm will change its behavior in response to the actions of this firm make both the prices and the quantity of the goods purchased in the market vague. For the oligopoly, the demand function is not specified in advance, as is inherent in other rialto models, it is formed in the decision-making process. To determine the behavior of crews under such conditions, a game-theoretic approach to market analysis based on mathematical game theory is used, which allows determining the behavior of participants in probabilistic situations related to decision making. Conditions for the Emergence of an Oligopoly Market and Competition The main reasons for the formation of oligopolistic markets are: a) scale effect, which consists in reducing the costs per unit of output by concentrating production and associated, on the one hand, the possibilities of introducing capital-intensive innovations, and on the other hand, by saving at the expense of significant purchases of resources at relatively low prices; b) barriers due to the fact that large crews own patents, control sources of raw materials and have the opportunity to carry out relatively large expenses for advertising and marketing; c) merging of crews to achieve the above benefits. Being interdependent, oligopolists take into account not only the costs, the scientific and technical policy of their competitors and the demand for their offsprings, but also the price behavior of each other (if the oligopoly has arisen on standardized offsprings). It is possible to single out such models of oligopolistic competition:1) oligopoly in the basic industries with identical offsprings and several large manufacturing enterprises;2) oligopoly in industries with non-identical offsprings and several large crews producing substitute goods.

Judaism Essays (2018 words) - Monotheistic Religions, Jews

Judaism Judaism Early History of Judaism It has been argued that Judaism can be seen not only as a single religion, but as a group of similar religions. It has also been pointed-out that through all the trials and tribulations that Judaism has suffered through, that there have been common themes that have proven omni-pervasive. Any institution with roots as ancient and varied as the religion of the Jews is bound to have a few variations, especially when most of its history takes place in the political and theological hot spot of the Middle East. In this discussion, many facets of Judaism will be examined, primarily in the three temporal subdivisions labeled the Tribal / Pre-Monarchy Period, the Divided Monarchy, and the Hasmonean / Maccabean and Roman Era. Among all the time periods where the religion has been split, these three seem to be the mostrepresentative of the forces responsible. As for a common thread seen throughout all Judiasms, the area of focus here is the place associated with the religion : Jerusalem. This topic will be covered in detail first, and then the multiple Judaism arguments will be presented. In this way, it is possible to keep a common focus in mind when reading about all the other situations in which the religion has found itself. A brief conclusion follows the discussion. A Place to Call Home No other religion has ever been so attached to its birthplace as Judaism. Perhaps this is because Jews have been exiled and restricted from this place for most of their history. Jerusalem is not only home to Judaism, but to the Muslim and Christian religions as well. Historically this has made it quite a busy place for the various groups. Jerusalem is where the temple of the Jews once stood; the only place on the whole Earth where one could leave the confines of day to day life and get closer to God. In 586 BCE when the temple was destroyed, no Jew would have denied Jerusalem as being the geographic center of the religion. From that point on, the Jewish people have migrated around the world, but not one of them forgets the fact that Jerusalem is where it all began. It is truly a sacred place, and helps to define what Judaism means to many people; a common thread to run through all the various splinters of the religion and help hold them together. Even today, as the Jewish people have their precious Jerusalem back (through the help of other nations and their politics) there is great conflict and emotion surrounding it. Other nations and people in the area feel that they should be in control of the renowned city, and the Jews deny fervently any attempt to wrestle it from their occupation. It is true that there is no temple in Jeruslaem today, nor are all the Jews in the world rushing to get back there. But it is apparent that the city represents more to the religion of Judaism than a mere place to live and work. The city of Jerusalem is a spiritual epicenter, and throughout Judaisms long and varied history, this single fact has never changed. Tribal / Pre-Monarchy Judaisms roots lie far back in the beginnings of recorded history. The religion did not spring into existence exactly as it is known today, rather it was pushed and prodded by various environmental factors along the way. One of the first major influences on the religion was the Canaanite nation. Various theories exist as to how and when the people that would later be called Jews entered into this civilization. But regardless of how they ultimately got there, these pioneers of the new faith were subjected to many of the ideas and prejudices of the time. Any new society that finds itself in an existing social situation, can do no more than to try and integrate into that framework. And this is exactly what the Jews did. Early Judaism worshipped multiple gods. One of these gods was known as Baal, and was generally thought-of as a statue god with certain limitations on his power. The other primary deity was called YHWH (or Yahweh) and enjoyed a much more mysterious and

Programa refugiados CAM Honduras, Salvador y Guatemala

Programa refugiados CAM Honduras, Salvador y Guatemala Por orden del gobierno de los Estados Unidos, las autoridades migratorias han puesto fin al programa que permità ­a solicitar  estatus de refugiado para nià ±os ciudadanos centroamericanos de El Salvador, Guatemala o Honduras y que se conocà ­a por el nombre de CAM (Programa de refugiados menores centroamericanos, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Desde el 9 de noviembre de 2017 se han dejado de aceptar solicitudes. Las à ºltimas entrevistas en relacià ³n con este programa se harn con fecha de 31 de enero de 2018. A partir de ese dà ­a, las personas con peticiones presentadas pero sin entrevista recibirn una nota con instrucciones adicionales. Por esta razà ³n este artà ­culo sobre el programa CAM ya no tiene validez y su informacià ³n se refiere solo a cà ³mo era el programa. Cà ³mo era el programa CAM antes del 9 de noviembre de 2017 Si se aprobaba  la solicitud, los nià ±os podrà ­an viajar legalmente a Estados Unidos y permanecer en el paà ­s. En este artà ­culo se explica quà © requisitos debà ­an  reunir los padres para poder solicitar este estatus para sus   hijos, quà © requisitos debà ­an  cumplir los hijos, quà © otras personas podà ­an  beneficiarse, cà ³mo se tramitaba y cules eran las estadà ­sticas. Quià ©n podà ­a  solicitar que sus hijos ingresen a Estados Unidos como refugiados El primer paso era  que el padre o la madre que era quien podà ­a realizar la peticià ³n, estuviera presente en los Estados Unidos legalmente.   Se entiende que se est legalmente si se est en alguna de las siguientes categorà ­as: residente permanente legalTPS o estatus de proteccià ³n temporalbeneficiario de DACA, es decir, llegà ³ a Estados Unidos siendo nià ±o, aplicà ³ por la Accià ³n Diferida y à ©sta le fue aprobada.cancelacià ³n de la deportacià ³n definitiva o temporal, o lo que se conoce en inglà ©s como withholding of removal o deferred enforced deportation. Quà © requisitos debà ­a  reunir el menor para ser pedido como refugiado por este programa En primer lugar, tenà ­a  que ser ciudadano de Guatemala, Honduras o El Salvador. En cuanto a la edad, originalmente se pedà ­a que fuera soltero menor de 21 aà ±os, pero despuà ©s se admitieron  peticiones para mayores de dicha edad, pero tenà ­an que ser solteros. Adems, la relacià ³n entre padre/madre e hijo podà ­a  ser biolà ³gica o por adopcià ³n. Tambià ©n se permità ­a solicitar a los hijastros, si se cumplà ­an una serie de requisitos. En el caso de relacià ³n biolà ³gica se deberà ­a  pasar un control de ADN. Inicialmente se tiene que pagar por este examen, pero si resultaba positivo se regresar el dinero. Quà © otras personas podà ­an  beneficiarse del programa CAM Originalmente, se podà ­a incluir en la peticià ³n del hijo o de la hija a 2 categorà ­as de personas: El padre o la madre que lo cuidaba en Honduras, Guatemala o El Salvador siempre y cuando estuviera legalmente casado con el padre o la madre que hace la peticià ³n. Los hijos solteros que el hijo pedido pudiera tener, es decir, los nietos de la persona que realizaba la peticià ³n.   Pero a partir de un cambio en el programa ya no era  necesario que el padre que pide desde Estados Unidos estuviera legalmente casado con el que cuida al hijo en Honduras, Guatemala o El Salvador.   Adems, se podà ­a  pedir a otros cuidadores del hijo, como por ejemplo abuelos o tà ­os Cà ³mo se tramitaba la peticià ³n CAM de refugio para menores centroamericanos El padre o la madre que estaba  legalmente en Estados Unidos debà ­a llenar el formulario DS-7699 al cual se podà ­a acceder sà ³lo   contactando con una Oficina de Reasentamiento. El trmite era gratuito. El menor debà ­a  ser entrevistado en su paà ­s de origen y si se aprobaba la peticià ³n podà ­a ingresar a Estados Unidos como refugiado. Tambià ©n podà ­a  suceder que el oficial consular no aprobase la peticià ³n. En estos casos hubo un tiempo en que era posible que se concediera un permiso de residencia temporal humanitario de carcter temporal. Es decir, serà ­a vlido por un tiempo pero no era un camino hacia la residencia permanente (green card). Sin embargo, el gobierno del presidente Trump le puso fin a este permiso humanitario con fecha de agosto de 2017. Tambià ©n era  posible que el menor pasara un tiempo en Costa Rica durante la tramitacià ³n de los papeles. Las estadà ­sticas del programa CAM Aunque ms de 9.000 solicitudes fueron  presentadas, menos de 3,000 fueron aprobadas y ms de1.500  personas han ingresado en Estados Unidos bajo este programa que comenzà ³ en diciembre de 2014.  ¿Cul era la razà ³n de la existencia de este programa? Principalmente por dos razones: Para intentar limitar la crisis de la frontera, principalmente con la llegada masiva de nià ±os solos sin ser acompaà ±ados por adultos y procedentes del rea que se conoce como Tringulo Norte (Honduras, Guatemala  y El Salvador).   Y tambià ©n intentar que los migrantes no sufran  violaciones, secuestros, amenazas, mutilaciones, golpizas y todo tipo de tropelà ­as (e incluso asesinatos) en su paso desde sus paà ­ses de origen y a travà ©s de Mà ©xico en su camino hacia el Norte y evitar situaciones de riesgo para sus personas causadas por la violencia de las pandillas en sus paà ­ses de origen Precisamente en situaciones de crisis humanitaria  son frecuentes los fraudes provocados por personas que prometen arreglar papeles cuando simplemente no es el caso. Para evitarlos,  es posible obtener informacià ³n directa de los organismos que llevan asuntos migratorios u obtener buenas referencias de abogados a bajo coste u organizaciones de ayuda a migrantes. Es fundamental evitar abusos. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Jihad Religion and Theology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Jihad Religion and Theology - Research Paper Example Jihad therefore means fighting to have a positive attitude towards Allah’s teachings, and determining to follow them (Khan 48). There are four known form of jihads according to Islamic scholars’ opinions. There is the Jihad of the heart, Jihad of the tongue, jihad of the hand and jihad of the sword. Some people have taken the word to mean â€Å"Holly War†. They therefore have taken advantage of this word, to expand Islamic boundaries and influence. Some Muslims have used such war to fight physically against other non-Muslim people and countries. Jihad started back in the time of Prophet Muhammad. At that time, Muslims had to protect themselves when Prophet Muhammad was moving from Makkah to Madinah where he lived until he died. At that time in Makka, Muslims were in extreme danger, and the chances of their eradication were high. At this point, they gave them permission to guard themselves by afflicting those who were oppressing them violently. The holly Qurâ€⠄¢an allows Muslims address the concerns of aggressive neighbors since God will sustain them. However, it outlaws them thus; they should not exceed their limits. They should maintain discipline by avoiding hurting the blameless. Apparently, according to Qur’an, the Jihad that necessitates the fight within one’s self is the greatest Jihad. ... Muslims should pray for their enemies and those who shun God. Additionally, the jihad of the heart requires that, Muslims should love their fellow Muslims, and feel the brotherhood of faith, which connects them with other Muslims worldwide. Through faith, Muslims should believe that the people of devotion to Allah are in one tent that is different from those of unbelievers. This is so, until God grants the Islamic nation, one regime, which will join all Muslims under this nation, God willing (Anwar 219). The jihad of the heart is a reticent kind of jihad. This happens when Muslims see a person sinning and they think that confronting the person is not wise; they can just silently reject the injustice. Furthermore, Muslims can engage in this kind of jihad by praying constantly, fasting accordingly, and memorizing the Koran. Apparently, Muslims believe that by practicing all this, Allah with his angels will always be close to them. According to Islam, these practices are jihad because; they are all efforts to bring a believer close to Allah. Jihad of the Tongue After the Muslims have achieved purity of spirits, they can conduct the Jihad of the Tongue. This is the kind of jihad where Muslims spread the word of Allah by preaching to other Muslims and non-Muslims. This Jihad is for the most daring Muslims, as they ought to tackle the non-believers with the use of Koran. They ask the non-believers to try to read Koran expecting that they will believe whatever it says. Since this kind of Jihad requires more effort than the Jihad of the heart, which involves keeping to thoughts to ones self, Muslims believe that it receive more reward in heaven. Jihad of the hand After Muslims have successfully gone through the â€Å"Jihad of the heart†, and the

Not for profit and public sector marketing(Charity Marketing) Essay

Not for profit and public sector marketing(Charity Marketing) - Essay Example The specific crisis has also affected the charities and the non-profits organizations; the above organizations had to update their strategies, including their marketing campaigns, in order to survive and to stabilize their performance. However, there have been business sectors on which the effects of the crisis have been quite severe. The secondhand bookselling is one of these sectors. The firms operating in this sector have suffered severe losses because of the recession; many of these businesses had to terminate their operation. These turbulences have led to the development of conflicts regarding the actual causes of the negative performance of the sector’s businesses. Oxfam has been blamed as being partially responsible for the crisis in the particular sector. The marketing strategies of the organization have been negatively criticized as threatening the businesses operating in this sector. Explanations are given on the marketing practices of the organization and their pote ntial effects on the operations of the businesses in the secondhand bookselling industry. 2. Marketing strategy of Oxfam 2.1 Overview of the problem Oxfam is the most known non-profit organization of Britain. The specific charity serves various social needs; the relevant funds are gathered through extensive fundraising schemes promoted by appropriately customized marketing techniques. Certain entrepreneurs have negatively criticized the marketing plans used by Oxfam. The problem under examination is the involvement of Oxfam in the selling of second-hand books. British booksellers – especially those dealing with the selling of second-hand books, have made complaints for the charity’s involvement in their business sector. Marc Harrison, a bookseller in Salisbury, had to close his bookshop due to the continuous decrease of profits; Mr. Harrison blames Oxfam for the damage he suffered (Riddle 2009). The accusations of Mr. Harrison are based on the fact that Oxfam has enter ed in the bookshop retail establishing its bookshops across UK. In accordance with Thomson (2009) the activities of charities can, indeed, threaten retailers, taking into consideration the fact that charities have a series of advantages – referring to the lack of financial obligations, like tax, payroll and so on. Kimmelman (2009) has stated similar concerns regarding the power of Oxfam to dominate the British secondhand bookselling industry (Kimmelman 2009). Kimmelman refers to the case of Harrison in order to highlight the practical implications of the entrance of Oxfam in the particular sector. It is noted that secondhand booksellers do not have many chances to win Oxfam (2009). The above organization has the financial power in order to support a nation-wide marketing campaign achieving a continuous increase of its profits. In the case of the above charity, marketing has been proved to have a critical role in the organization’s expansion in the particular industry. The marketing practices of the firm can be evaluated using an appropriately customized P.R. planning model, which will contain a series of proposals which can be actioned immediately – having being checked in order to be SMART. 2.2 P.R. planning model for Oxfam The marketing choices of Oxfam should be explained by using an appropriately customized P.R. planning model. The Six Points P.R. Planning model of Jefkins (1994) has been chosen in order to explain the scope of P.R. policies used by Oxfam. T

What steps should an American leader undertake to avoid Civil War of Essay

What steps should an American leader undertake to avoid Civil War of 1860 - Essay Example The backdrop or case in history that would be a noted example would be the American Civil War during the late nineteenth century. To start off, this paper would try to look into the causes of the American Civil War and see which among the factors was the most pressing or critical for the war to start with. From that point, this paper will then explain what would be the personal suggestions or actions that could have been taken to prevent any further escalation of hostilities between both opposing sides during the civil war. If I Were the United States President During the 1860’s, How Would I Prevent the Civil War? It is difficult to be the head of state when dealing with the likelihood of civil war. Such instances would mean either two things for a president. One option is to immediately choose a side among the belligerents, which could mean either the losing or winning side. The other option is to try to remain neutral while encouraging much political maneuver or diplomatic a pproach as the only way to engage the problem. The head of state usually makes these decisions based on political alignment, economic advantage, or the moral high ground. Perhaps an ideal scenario that would make a great example would be the American Civil War. ... Defenders of slavery from the Southern Confederacy held that slaves are needed to run their economy since most of their economy runs on agricultural growth and development, especially with cotton crops. At the same time, slaves were views by southerners as property and were held as to have private protected ownership by right of the owner. In the case of the northern side, their economy is largely based on industrial progress and trading of equipment and materials. This gave the northern side the advantage over the south in terms of economy and, eventually, military power. The use of slaves for the north was not really needed for their economy to run. Although Leidner (2011) held the opinion that: Although slavery was  the  moral issue of the nineteenth century that divided the political leaders of the land, the average American had very little interest in slaves or slavery. Most Southerners were small farmers that could not afford slaves. Most Northerners were small farmers or t radesmen that had never even  seen  a slave. The problem then is not solely on the economic issues of slavery, but it is found on the politics that revolved around slavery. Handlin (1864) further observed that: The institution of slavery has, doubtless, been a true cause of secession and rebellion, although there have been many who disputed the proposition, and alleged that the tariff and other questions were more powerful agents in causing the South to throw off her allegiance and seek protection from the injustice of the North in a separate and independent government. (pp.41-42) It should also be noted that the seat of the Federal government and power is located at the northern side, and most

Time dilation and length contraction

Time dilation and length contraction INTRODUCTION: Time dilation is a phenomenon (or two phenomena, as mentioned below) described by the theory of relativity. It can be illustrated by supposing that two observers are in motion relative to each other, and/or differently situated with regard to nearby gravitational masses. Length contraction, according to Hendrik Lorentz, is the physical phenomenon of a decrease in length detected by an observer in objects that travel at any non-zero velocity relative to that observer. This contraction (more formally called Lorentz contraction or Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction) is usually only noticeable, however, at a substantial fraction of the speed of light; and the contraction is only in the direction parallel to the direction in which the observed body is travelling. SPECIAL RELATIVITY : When such quantities as length, time interval and mass are considered in elementary physics, no special point is made about how they are measured This theory has a wide range of consequences which have been experimentally verified, including counter-intuitive ones such as length contraction, time dilation and relativity of simultaneity, contradicting the classical notion that the duration of the time interval between two events is equal for all observers. (On the other hand, it introduces the space-time interval, which is invariant.) Combined with other laws of physics, the two postulates of special relativity predict the equivalence of matter and energy, as expressed in the mass-energy equivalence formula E=mc2, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum.The predictions of special relativity agree well with Newtonian mechanics in their common realm of applicability, specifically in experiments in which all velocities are small compared with the speed of light. Special relativity reve als that c is not just the velocity of a certain phenomenon-namely the propagation of electromagnetic radiation (light)-but rather a fundamental feature of the way space and time are unified as space time. One of the consequences of the theory is that it is impossible for any particle that has rest mass to be accelerated to the speed of light. POSTULATES OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY: TWO postulates are as follows : The law of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference. The speed of light in free space has the same value in all inertial frame of reference. OVERVIEW OF TIME DILATION : Time dilation can arise from (1) relative velocity of motion between the observers, and (2) difference in their distance from gravitational mass. In the case that the observers are in relative uniform motion, and far away from any gravitational mass, the point of view of each will be that the others (moving) clock is ticking at a slower rate than the local clock. The faster the relative velocity, the more is the rate of time dilation. This case is sometimes called special relativistic time dilation. It is often interpreted as time slowing down for the other (moving) clock. But that is only true from the physical point of view of the local observer, and of others at relative rest (i.e. in the local observers frame of reference). The point of view of the other observer will be that again the local clock (this time the other clock) is correct, and it is the distant moving one that is slow. From a local perspective, time registered by clocks that are at rest with respect to the local frame of reference (and far from any gravitational mass) always appears to pass at the same rate. There is another case of time dilation, where both observers are differently situated in their distance from a significant gravitational mass, such as (for terrestrial observers) the Earth or the Sun. One may suppose for simplicity that the observers are at relative rest (which is not the case of two observers both rotating with the Earth an extra factor described below). In the simplified case, the general theory of relativity describes how, for both observers, the clock that is closer to the gravitational mass, i.e. deeper in its gravity well, appears to go slower than the clock that is more distant from the mass (or higher in altitude away from the center of the gravitational mass). That does not mean that the two observers fully agree: each still makes the local clock to be correct; the observer more distant from the mass (higher in altitude) makes the other clock (closer to the mass, lower in altitude) to be slower than the local correct rate, and the observer situated closer t o the mass (lower in altitude) makes the other clock (farther from the mass, higher in altitude) to be faster than the local correct rate. They agree at least that the clock nearer the mass is slower in rate, and on the ratio of the difference. This is gravitational time dilation. FORMULAE OF TIME DILATION AND LENGTH CONTRACTION: TIME DILATION: t0 is the proper time between events A and B for a slow-ticking observer within the gravitational field, tf is the coordinate time between events A and B for a fast-ticking observer at an arbitrarily large distance from the massive object (this assumes the fast-ticking observer is using Schwarzschild coordinates, a coordinate system where a clock at infinite distance from the massive sphere would tick at one second per second of coordinate time, while closer clocks would tick at less than that rate), G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the object creating the gravitational field, r is the radial coordinate of the observer (which is analogous to the classical distance from the center of the object, but is actually a Schwarzschild coordinate), c is the speed of light, and r0 = 2GM / c2 is the called the Schwarzschild Radius of M. If a mass collapses so that its surface lies at less than this radial coordinate (or in other words covers an area of less than 4pG2M2 / c4), then the object exists within a black hole. LENGTH CONTRACTION: This effect is negligible at everyday speeds, and can be ignored for all regular purposes. It is only when an object approaches greater speeds, that it becomes important. At a speed of 13,400,000 m/s, the length is 99.9% of the length at rest and at a speed of 42,300,000 m/s still 99%. As the magnitude of the velocity approaches the speed of light, the effect becomes dominant, as can be seen from the formula: Note that in this equation it is assumed that the object is parallel with its line of movement. Also note that for the observer in relative movement, the length of the object is measured by subtracting the simultaneously measured distances of both ends of the object. For more general conversions, see the Lorentz transformations. AN EXAMPLE OF TIME DILATION: A spaceship is flying a distance of 5lighthours, for example from Earth to the dwarf planet which Earth and Pluto are motionless. Formula used : t.. time indicated by the spaceship clock t.. time indicated by the clocks of the Earth-Pluto-system v.. speed of the spacecraft relatively to the system of Earth and Pluto c.. speed of light REMARKS: In a simplifying way there was assumed an inertial system in which Earth and Pluto are motionless; especially the motion around the Sun was neglected. According to an important result of the theory of relativity, an observer in the Earth-Pluto-system would see the spacecraft shortened in the direction of motion. This so-called Lorentz contraction was not taken into consideration in order to make it possible to read off the spaceships clock. BASIS IN RELATIVITY: The origin of length contraction in the special theory of relativity can be traced to the operational definitions of simultaneity and length.According to Milne and Bondi the following operational definitions are assigned to simultaneity and length: an observer moving uniformly along a straight line sends out a light signal at time t0 to a distant point (stationary according to the observer), where it arrives and is immediately reflected at time tr, arriving back at the observer at time ta. What time does the observer ascribe to the time of reflection tr, or, what event is simultaneous with the reflection? Let l be the distance to the point of reflection. An observer, with his or her definition of c,says it takes time l / c for light to reach the reflector. Because light travels at the same speed c in both directions, it takes the same time both ways, so it returns to the observer at time ta = t0 + 2 l / c, or in other words, the distance to the point of reflection is l = c ( ta t0 ) / 2, and the time at which reflection occurred is simultaneous with the clock registering ( t0 + ta ) / 2. With these operational definitions for determining length and simultaneous events, two observers in constant relative motion at velocity v are considered, and their time and length scales compared. The result of the above definitions is that time and length are connected by the Lorentz factor ?: PHYSICAL ORIGIN OF LENGTH CONTRACTION: Length contraction as a physical effect on bodies composed of atoms held together by electromagnetic forces was proposed independently by George FitzGeraldand by Hendrik Lorentz . The following quote from Joseph Larmor is indicative of the pre-relativity view of the effect as a consequence of James Clerk Maxwells electromagnetic theory: if the internal forces of a material system arise wholly from electromagnetic actions between the system of electrons which constitute the atoms, then the effect of imparting to a steady material system a uniform velocity of translation is to produce a uniform contraction of the system in the direction of motion, of amount (1-v2/c2)1/2 The extension of this specific result to a general result was (and is) considered ad hoc by many who prefer Einsteins deduction of it from the Principle of Relativity without reference to any physics.In other words, length contraction is an inevitable consequence of the postulates of special relativity. To gain a little physical insight on why length contractions occur, consider what those postulates involve: by requiring the speed of light (a quantity dependent on the fundamental properties of space and time) to be invariant in all frames of reference (including ones in motion) one can appreciate that it would require the distortion of the measures of length and time. Apparently Lorentz did not agree to the criticism that his proposal was ad hoc. the interpretation given by me and FitzGerald was not artificial. It was more so that it was the only possible one, and I added the comment that one arrives at the hypothesis if one extends to other forces what one could already say about the influence of a translation on electrostatic forces. Had I emphasized this more, the hypothesis would have created less of an impression of being invented ad hoc. (emphasis added) The Trouton-Rankine experiment in 1908 showed that length contraction of an object according to one frame, did not cause changes in the resistance of the object in its rest frame. This is in agreement with some current theories at the time (Special Relativity and Lorentz ether theory) but in disagreement with FitzGeralds ideas on length contraction. EXPERIMENTAL CONFIRMATION: Time dilation has been tested a number of times. The routine work carried on in particle accelerators since the 1950s, such as those at CERN, is a continuously running test of the time dilation of special relativity. The specific experiments include: Velocity time dilation tests Ives and Stilwell (1938, 1941), An experimental study of the rate of a moving clock, in two parts. The stated purpose of these experiments was to verify the time dilation effect, predicted by Lamor-Lorentz ether theory, due to motion through the ether using Einsteins suggestion that Doppler effect in canal rays would provide a suitable experiment. These experiments measured the Doppler shift of the radiation emitted from cathode rays, when viewed from directly in front and from directly behind. The high and low frequencies detected were not the classical values predicted. Rossi and Hall (1941) compared the population of cosmic-ray-produced muons at the top of a mountain to that observed at sea level. Although the travel time for the muons from the top of the mountain to the base is several muon half-lives, the muon sample at the base was only moderately reduced. This is explained by the time dilation attributed to their high speed relative to the experimenters. That is to say, the muons were decaying about 10 times slower than if they were at rest with respect to the experimenters. Hasselkamp, Mondry, and Scharmann(1979) measured the Doppler shift from a source moving at right angles to the line of sight (the transverse Doppler shift). The most general relationship between frequencies of the radiation from the moving sources is given by: as deduced by Einstein (1905). For phi = 90^circ(cosphi = 0,) this reduces to fdetected = frest?. Thus there is no transverse Doppler shift, and the lower frequency of the moving source can be attributed to the time dilation effect alone. Gravitational time dilation tests Pound, Rebka in 1959 measured the very slight gravitational red shift in the frequency of light emitted at a lower height, where Earths gravitational field is relatively more intense. The results were within 10% of the predictions of general relativity. Later Pound and Snider (in 1964) derived an even closer result of 1%. This effect is as predicted by gravitational time dilation. Velocity and gravitational time dilation combined-effect tests Hafele and Keating, in 1971, flew caesium atomic clocks east and west around the Earth in commercial airliners, to compare the elapsed time against that of a clock that remained at the US Naval Observatory. Two opposite effects came into play. The clocks were expected to age more quickly (show a larger elapsed time) than the reference clock, since they were in a higher (weaker) gravitational potential for most of the trip (c.f. Pound, Rebka). But also, contrastingly, the moving clocks were expected to age more slowly because of the speed of their travel. The gravitational effect was the larger, and the clocks suffered a net gain in elapsed time. To within experimental error, the net gain was consistent with the difference between the predicted gravitational gain and the predicted velocity time loss. In 2005, the National Physical Laboratory in the United Kingdom reported their limited replication of this experiment. The NPL experiment differed from the original in that the caesium cl ocks were sent on a shorter trip (London-Washington D.C. return), but the clocks were more accurate. The reported results are within 4% of the predictions of relativity. The Global Positioning System can be considered a continuously operating experiment in both special and general relativity. The in-orbit clocks are corrected for both special and general relativistic time dilation effects as described above, so that (as observed from the Earths surface) they run at the same rate as clocks on the surface of the Earth. In addition, but not directly time dilation related, general relativistic correction terms are built into the model of motion that the satellites broadcast to receivers uncorrected, these effects would result in an approximately 7-metre (23ft) oscillation in the pseudo-ranges measured by a receiver over a cycle of 12 hours. Muon lifetime A comparison of muon lifetimes at different speeds is possible. In the laboratory, slow muons are produced, and in the atmosphere very fast moving muons are introduced by cosmic rays. Taking the muon lifetime at rest as the laboratory value of 2.22  µs, the lifetime of a cosmic ray produced muon traveling at 98% of the speed of light is about five times longer, in agreement with observations. In this experiment the clock is the time taken by processes leading to muon decay, and these processes take place in the moving muon at its own clock rate, which is much slower than the laboratory clock. TIME DILATION AND SPACE FLIGHT: Time dilation would make it possible for passengers in a fast-moving vehicle to travel further into the future while aging very little, in that their great speed slows down the rate of passage of on-board time. That is, the ships clock (and according to relativity, any human travelling with it) shows less elapsed time than the clocks of observers on Earth. For sufficiently high speeds the effect is dramatic. For example, one year of travel might correspond to ten years at home. Indeed, a constant 1g acceleration would permit humans to travel as far as light has been able to travel since the big bang (some 13.7 billion light years) in one human lifetime. The space travellers could return to Earth billions of years in the future. A scenario based on this idea was presented in the novel Planet of the Apes by Pierre Boulle. A more likely use of this effect would be to enable humans to travel to nearby stars without spending their entire lives aboard the ship. However, any such application of time dilation during Interstellar travel would require the use of some new, advanced method of propulsion. Current space flight technology has fundamental theoretical limits based on the practical problem that an increasing amount of energy is required for propulsion as a craft approaches the speed of light. The likelihood of collision with small space debris and other particulate material is another practical limitation. At the velocities presently attained, however, time dilation is not a factor in space travel. Travel to regions of space-time where gravitational time dilation is taking place, such as within the gravitational field of a black hole but outside the event horizon (perhaps on a hyperbolic trajectory exiting the field), could also yield results consistent with present theory. LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION: In physics, the Lorentz transformation, named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz, describes how, according to the theory of special relativity, two observers varying measurements of space and time can be converted into each others frames of reference. It reflects the surprising fact that observers moving at different velocities may measure different distances, elapsed times, and even different orderings of events. The Lorentz transformation was originally the result of attempts by Lorentz and others to explain observed properties of light propagating in what was presumed to be the luminiferous aether; Albert Einstein later reinterpreted the transformation to be a statement about the nature of both space and time, and he independently re-derived the transformation from his postulates of special relativity. The Lorentz transformation supersedes the Galilean transformation of Newtonian physics, which assumes an absolute space and time (see Galilean relativity). According to special relativity, this is only a good approximation at relative speeds much smaller than the speed of light. LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION RELATIVISTIC LENGTH CONTRACTION: One of the peculiar aspects of Einsteins theory of special relativity is that the length of objects moving at relativistic speeds undergoes a contraction along the dimension of motion. An observer at rest (relative to the moving object) would observe the moving object to be shorter in length. That is to say, that an object at rest might be measured to be 200 feet long; yet the same object when moving at relativistic speeds relative to the observer/measurer would have a measured length which is less than 200 ft. This phenomenon is not due to actual errors in measurement or faulty observations. The object is actually contracted in length as seen from the stationary reference frame. The amount of contraction of the object is dependent upon the objects speed relative to the observer. Temporal coordinate systems and clock synchronization In Relativity, temporal coordinate systems are set up using a procedure for synchronizing clocks, discussed by Poincarà © (1900) in relation to Lorentzs local time (see relativity of simultaneity). It is now usually called the Einstein synchronization procedure, since it appeared in his 1905 paper. An observer with a clock sends a light signal out at time t1 according to his clock. At a distant event, that light signal is reflected back to, and arrives back to the observer at time t2 according to his clock. Since the light travels the same path at the same rate going both out and back for the observer in this scenario, the coordinate time of the event of the light signal being reflected for the observer tE is tE = (t1 + t2) / 2. In this way, a single observers clock can be used to define temporal coordinates which are good anywhere in the universe. Symmetric time dilation occurs with respect to temporal coordinate systems set up in this manner. It is an effect where another clock is being viewed as running slowly by an observer. Observers do not consider their own clock time to be time-dilated, but may find that it is observed to be time-dilated in another coordinate system. SIMPLE INFERENCE OF TIME DILATION : Time dilation can be inferred from the observed fact of the constancy of the speed of light in all reference frames. This constancy of the speed of light means, counter to intuition, that speeds of material objects and light are not additive. It is not possible to make the speed of light appear faster by approaching at speed towards the material source that is emitting light. It is not possible to make the speed of light appear slower by receding from the source at speed. From one point of view, it is the implications of this unexpected constancy that take away from constancies expected elsewhere. Consider a simple clock consisting of two mirrors A and B, between which a light pulse is bouncing. The separation of the mirrors is L, and the clock ticks once each time it hits a given mirror. In the frame where the clock is at rest (diagram at right), the light pulse traces out a path of length 2L and the period of the clock is 2L divided by the speed of light: From the frame of reference of a moving observer traveling at the speed v (diagram at lower right), the light pulse traces out a longer, angled path. The second postulate of special relativity states that the speed of light is constant in all frames, which implies a lengthening of the period of this clock from the moving observers perspective. That is to say, in a frame moving relative to the clock, the clock appears to be running more slowly. Straightforward application of the Pythagorean theorem leads to the well-known prediction of special relativity: The spacetime geometry of velocity time dilation Time dilation in transverse motion. The green dots and red dots in the animation represent spaceships. The ships of the green fleet have no velocity relative to each other, so for the clocks onboard the individual ships the same amount of time elapses relative to each other, and they can set up a procedure to maintain a synchronized standard fleet time. The ships of the red fleet are moving with a velocity of 0.866 of the speed of light with respect to the green fleet. The blue dots represent pulses of light. One cycle of light-pulses between two green ships takes two seconds of green time, one second for each leg. As seen from the perspective of the reds, the transit time of the light pulses they exchange among each other is one second of red time for each leg. As seen from the perspective of the greens, the red ships cycle of exchanging light pulses travels a diagonal path that is two light-seconds long. (As seen from the green perspective the reds travel 1.73 (sqrt{3}) light-seconds of distance for every two seconds of green time.) One of the red ships emits a light pulse towards the greens every second of red time. These pulses are received by ships of the green fleet with two-second intervals as measured in green time. Not shown in the animation is that all aspects of physics are proportionally involved. The light pulses that are emitted by the reds at a particular frequency as measured in red time are received at a lower frequency as measured by the detectors of the green fleet that measure against green time, and vice versa. The animation cycles between the green perspective and the red perspective, to emphasize the symmetry. As there is no such thing as absolute motion in relativity (as is also the case for Newtonian mechanics), both the green and the red fleet are entitled to consider themselves motionless in their own frame of reference. Again, it is vital to understand that the results of these interactions and calculations reflect the real state of the ships as it emerges from their situation of relative motion. It is not a mere quirk of the method of measurement or communication. The four dimensions of space time In Relativity the world has four dimensions: three space dimensions and one dimension that is not exactly time but related to time. In fact, it is time multiplied by the square root of -1. Say, you move through one space dimension from point A to point B. When you move to another space coordinate, you automatically cause your position on the time coordinate to change, even if you dont notice. This causes time to elapse. Of course, you are always travelling through time, but when you travel through space you travel through time by less than you expect. Consider the following example: Time dilation; the twin paradox There are two twin brothers. On their thirtieth birthday, one of the brothers goes on a space journey in a superfast rocket that travels at 99% of the speed of light. The space traveller stays on his journey for precisely one year, whereupon he returns to Earth on his 31st birthday. On Earth, however, seven years have elapsed, so his twin brother is 37 years old at the time of his arrival. This is due to the fact that time is stretched by factor 7 at approx. 99% of the speed of light, which means that in the space travellers reference frame, one year is equivalent to seven years on earth. Yet, time appears to have passed normally to both brothers, i.e. both still need five minutes to shave each morning in their respective reference frame. As it can be seen from the above function, the effect of time dilation is negligible for common speeds, such as that of a car or even a jet plane, but it increases dramatically when one gets close to the speed of light. Very close to c, time virtually stands still for the outside observer. Time expands, space contracts Interestingly, while time expands from the perspective of the stationary observer, space contracts from the perspective of the moving observer. This phenomenon is known as Lorentz contraction, which is exactly the reciprocal of the above time dilation formula: l=l*sqr(1-v ²/c ²). Thus the space traveller passing by Earth at a speed of 0.99c would see its shape as an ellipsis with the axis parallel to his flight direction contracted to a seventh of its original diameter. That is of course, if he sees it at all, given the enormous speed. Therefore, space travel is shortened with the velocity of the traveller. A journey to the 4.3 light-years distant Alpha Centauri C, the closest star to our Sun, would take only 7.4 months in a space ship moving at 0.99c. The effect of time dilation has been experimentally confirmed thanks to very precise caesium clocks that can measure extremely small periods of time. Unfortunately, time dilation is completely outside of human experience, because we have not yet devised a way of travelling at speeds where relativistic effects become noticeable. Even if you spent your whole life in a jet plane that moves at supersonic speed, you would barely win a second over your contemporaries on the ground. And, not even todays astronauts can perceive the Lorentz contraction. Imagine you are a cosmonaut on board of space station Mir, moving at 7700 meters per second relative to Earth. Looking down upon Europe from space, you would see the entire 270 kilometre east to west extent of Switzerland contracted by a mere 0.08 millimetres. Can we travel at the speed of light? The hope that one day mankind will be able to travel at near-to-speed-of-light velocities seems farfetched, because of the incredible amounts of energy needed to accelerate a spacecraft to these speeds. The forces are likely to destroy any vehicle before it comes even close to the required speed. In addition, the navigational problems of near-to-speed-of-light travel pose another tremendous difficulty. Therefore, when people say they have to hurry in order to win time, they probably dont mean it in a relativistic way. Kant: Space and time are properties of thought The German philosopher, Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), maintained that time and space are a priori particulars, which is to say they are properties of perception and thought imposed on the human mind by nature. This subtle position allowed Kant to straddle the well-known differences about the reality of space and time that existed between Newton and Leibniz. Newton held that space and time have an absolute reality, in the sense of being quantifiable objects. Leibniz held against this that space and time werent really things, such as cup and a table, and that space and time have a different quality of being. Kants position agrees with Newton in the sense that space and time are absolute and real objects of perception, hence, science can make valid propositions about them. At the same time, he agrees with Leibniz by saying that time and space are not things in themselves, which means they are fundamentally different from cups and tables. Of course, this view of space and time also introduc es new problems. It divides the world into a phenomenal (inner) reality sphere and an noumenal (outer) reality sphere. From this academic separation arise many contradictions in epistemology. We will, however, not deal with this particular problem at this point. Life in a spacetime cubicle From Relativity we learn that time and space is seemingly independent of human experience, as the example of time dilation suggests. Since our own perception of time and space is bound to a single reference frame, time appears to be constant and absolute to us. Physics teaches us that this is an illusion and that our perception deceived us within living memory. Thanks to Einstein, we are now able to draw relativistic spacetime diagrams, compute gravitational fields, and predict trajectories through the four-dimensional spacetime continuum. Still, we are hardly able to visualise this spacetime continuum, or deal with it in practical terms, because human consciousness is bound to the human body, which is in turn bound to a single reference frame. We live within the confinements of our own spacetime cubicle. Considering that in Relativity, spacetime is independent of human perception, the Kantian understanding of space and time as a priori particulars seems to be obsolete. They are no longer properties of perception, but properties of nature itself. But, there is more trouble looming for Kant. Relativity stretches the distincti

Juan Rulfos Pedro Paramo and Religion :: Juan Rulfo Pedro Paramo Essays

Juan Rulfo's Pedro Paramo and Religion    In the novel Pedro Paramo, Juan Rulfo uses religiousness as a characteristic that contrasts with the characters lack of moral codes and lack of faith normally attributed to religion. The people in the town of Comala are obsessed with the afterlife and prayer, and they even attend church regularly, but these are just habits that have lost their original meaning. Rulfo uses these symbolic activities to make the charactersÕ dichotomous nature more apparent. Father Renter'aÕs occupation, the town priest, demands integrity, purity, and the power to believe his own teachings. Father Renter'a might, at one time, have had those attributes but something changed him. The realization and consequences of his own conflictive nature haunt Renter'a, and the town subconsciously senses his anguish, thus shedding light on ComalaÕs religious and psychological condition. A question arises about Renter'aÕs disillusionment with religion: Did the townspeople make Renter'a cynical or did his doubts lead them astray? I think it was more of the former, and the catalyst in Renter'aÕs religious failing was just one man: Miguel Paramo. Miguel Paramo killed Father Renter'aÕs brother and raped Renter'aÕs niece Ana. These events were merely taken in stride with Renter'aÕs philosophy of Ã’never hate anyoneÓ but it was the death of Miguel that dashed Renter'aÕs religious beliefs. Father Renter'a performed the funeral ceremony and did not offer a final benediction partly for selfish reasons of revenge, using his pastoral robe as a barrier. Disregarding Renter'aÕs condescending remarks of Miguel, Pedro Paramo offered gold to the priest as restitution, or a bribe, and said, Ã’Weigh him and forgive him, as perhaps God has forgiven him.Ó At ParamoÕs defiance, Renter'a realized that his religious power was no longer effective or revered in Comala, because ParamoÕs gold was now the controlling force in the land. Crushed and depressed, Renter'a no longer felt worthy of his office; Ã’What has their faith won them? Heaven? Or the purification of their souls? And why purify their souls anyway, at the last momentÉÓ Renter'a had lost all faith in his religion and himself. As if he had failed a test, he says, Ã’Alright Lord, you win.Ó Father Renter'a represents the constant struggle a person has to maintain personal integrity against outside corruption and personal vices.

The Change in Law Enforcement’s Procedure to Protect Passenger’s Rights Instructor

In Wyoming v. Houghton (1999) impacted law enforcement procedure by its ruling states that law enforcement officer have a right to search a passenger’s personal possession, only if the law enforcement officer could present probable cause or the officer could prove contrabands and illegal activity . The automobile exception is recognized under the 4th Amendment to eliminate the requirements for search warrant of automobiles when there is probable cause established that contraband was located in the vehicle and illegal activities were involved (Chase, 1999, p. 1). This paper will examine Wyoming v. Houghton case and the impact on law enforcement procedures in relate to Wyoming Supreme Court wrongful ruling. It will also examine two journals related to how Wyoming’s ruling effected probable cause standards. According to Wyoming v. Houghton (1999), was first developed on July 23, 1995 when David Young’s car was stopped for a traffic violation by Wyoming Highway Patro l Officer, Delaine Baldwin. Baldwin noticed that Young’s car had a broken brake light and Young was also traveling over the speed limit. Young’s passenger was his girlfriend and a young lady named Sandra Houghton. When the patrol officer approached the vehicle he noticed the syringe that was sticking out of Young’s shirt pocket. After his reasonable suspicion and probable cause, Officer Baldwin followed his procedure and demanded everyone to stand on road close to the car. Young was cross-examined from Officer Baldwin in reference to the syringe. Young told the officer the syringe was used for his drug usages (Wyoming v. Houghton, 1999). The officer asked both of passengers for their identification. However, Sandra Houghton responded her name was Sandra James and she did not have driver license. Baldwin had a valid reason to search the car. The search continued and Officer Baldwin spotted a purse in backseat with her driver license. The driver license conformed that she was Sandra Houghton. In her defense of the driver license, she responded â€Å"she did not want to be involved if something went bad was to happen†. This made officer more suspicions. The purse had a brown pouch that had several syringe with 60 cc of methamphetamine, a vial of paraphernalia, and also black billfold. Instance, Sandra responded to Baldwin the things he found did not belong to her. Of course, this gave Baldwin a reason to assume that Houghton was also taking drugs, by the needle marks. Houghton was place under arrested for evidence that was that was found. However, the other suspects were release (Wyoming v. Houghton, 1999). According to the case, prior to the trial Houghton submitted a motion to the Wyoming Supreme Court. The motion was denied to restrain the evidences from the court and her privacy rights as passenger being violate through the 4th Amendment. Instead, Wyoming Supreme Court was certain officer follows his procedure to before he obtained the illegitimate evidence. Wyoming Supreme Court established that Houghton was guilty of procession of control substance. Wyoming Supreme Court verdict was she had to serve three year maximum in the Wyoming Women Center. However, Houghton appealed the decision of the court violation of her Fourth Amendment rights. (Wyoming v. Houghton, 1999) September 29, 1998, Wyoming Supreme Court’s verdict was overturned by the United States Supreme Court (Wyoming v. Houghton, 1998) According to the case, The United States Supreme Court declared: â€Å"Generally one by using valid probable cause officer is allowed to search all know container whether all know that a container is the personal effect of a passenger who is not suspected of a criminal activity, then the container is outside of the scope of the search unless someone had the opportunity to conceal the contraband within the personal effects to avoid detention† (Wyoming v. Houghton, 1998, p. 363 & 372). The Wyoming Supreme Court decision was overturned by the United States Supreme Court based on Houghton Fourth Amendment rights of privacy was violated by the officer. United Supreme Court approved the certiorari. According to the case, the court questioned the probable cause of the search. In the case, the officer confessed to the court that the purse belong to Houghton. The U. S. Supreme Court stressed that the search was unpractical. The U. S. Supreme Court continued to dispute that Wyoming Supreme Court made error in its verdict. U. S. Supreme Court justified it claims by evaluating the officer probable cause to search the vehicle. In prior years automobile exception was already established. The automobile exception definition was use an a exception of the Fourth Amendment which only recognize in search if an officer has probable cause that automobile contains illegitimate evidence or suspicion of a individual relating to any illegal activity. The U. S. Supreme Court wanted to establish the scope of the exception if the testimonial present by the officer supports the Houghton belonging were concealed any illegal drugs. The U. S. Supreme Court used the notice test in determining if the officer had established a valid probable cause. The notice test was the foundation of the overturn decision of U. S. Supreme Court to reverse verdict of Wyoming Supreme Court (Wyoming v. Houghton, 1998). The violation of the Fourth Amendment was the reason of the appeal. The courts focus more on automobile searches that gave law enforcement permission to search individual personal belongings. The courts examine cases like Ybarra v. Illinois in its appeal. The Ybarra v. Illinois was verdict that allows an exception to a search warrant in homes and business places to search any nonresidential or guest personal items (Wyoming v. Houghton, 1999, p. 98-184). In the examination of the case the courts utilized three important cases to justify the scope of the automobile exception rule. The case that was examined during the trial by the U. S. Supreme Court was Carroll v. United States (1925), United States v. Ross (1982), and California v. Acevedo (1991). Carroll was used because it was first to rule on automobile exception. The significances of the Carroll ruling was evidence could be obtained without search warrant even if a suspect hides any illegal objects or drugs in their vehicle (Carroll v. United States, 1925, p. 267) the second case examined by the court was United States v. Ross (1982). The significant of this case was as long as law enforcement has follow the probable cause standards , an officer is allow to search any container located in automobile (Wyoming v. Houghton, 1999). However, the scope of the search had to meet the requirements if a regular warrant was issue. The third case of the automobile search of the exception rule is California v. Acevedo. In California v. Acevedo the courts pointed out the most important factor was in this case that supported Wyoming was if the officer has less probable cause could justify more any wide-ranging of searches of automobile. Ross and Acevedo case were not as effective in Wyoming v. Houghton. The importance of both rulings related to contraband was obtained. It did not support the circumstances in the Wyoming case relating to the passengers belonging being search. The important rule of both case were related to evidence that could be seized by the plain view rule. The court examines all the past rules to determine the courts final decision. The decision in which if this new rule was past will it be used to protect citizen’s personal rights. Another problem can across, would this new rule allow law enforcement to search all containers without a warrant. The U. S. Supreme Court decide to past the new rule that states, if the probable cause is establish law enforcement were to search passenger’s belongings found in the automobile and any items that could hide back any convicting evidence (Wyoming v. Sandra Houghton, 526 U. S. 295 1999). In the article of â€Å"Don’t Accept Rides Form Strangers: The Supreme Court hastens the demise of passenger written by Hewitt Daniel discuss and examine the impact how the Wyoming v. Houghton modified criminal procedures to execute an unlawfully verdict. First, Hewitt argues about the errors of the Wyoming Supreme Court verdict which violated Sandra Houghton’s were violated under Fourth Amendment. He continues asserts the effect change in law enforcement level of suspicion requirement for law enforcement to search and seize. According to the Hewitt ( 1999), another effect of the ruling of the Wyoming v. Houghton change law enforcement regulation was traditional requirement of individual suspicion were broaden in special needs situations. The second impact Wyoming v. Houghton case change the criminal procedure was in the expectation of privacy. The expectation of privacy is define as a belief in the existence of freedom from unwanted governmental intrusion in something or place (Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of Law, 1996). Hewitt concludes the requirements of exception of privacy which is a person must show that their privacy rights were violated by law enforcement and the violation should be logical to society. After privacy right has shown in violation, the courts would then decide whether the privacy right of a erson is reasonable or not. For example, in the case U. S. Supreme Court justified how the Sandra privacy right was violated due to fact the officer had any reason to search her. Hewitt continues to argue how privacy rights are limited in automobile search. The third impact of Wyoming v. Houghton had on criminal procedure was the automobile exception. In the automobile exception in which allow automobi le searches and seizures to be conducted if there is a valid reason that a suspect may be detaining contraband or anything illegal can be hide in container. The Wyoming v. Houghton changes criminal procedure because it allows law enforcement to conduct more searches to validate more criminal activity. The fourth impact was law established that address warrantless search of passengers’ possession. This law was called consensual search law. In consensual search law give law enforcement more authority to search and seize anything in vehicle regardless of who had own it or not. The law enforcement only had to have permission of the driver to conduct a search. The impact of this law is law enforcement could also search passengers’ procession as well without their consent. According to Hewitt (1999), Justice Breyer addressed the points made by the majority. Justice Bryer concludes from the majority rule should apply in how law enforcement conducted their automobile searches and it did not serve a purpose for searching passengers. However, Justice Stevens opposed the majority’s opinion. He believes that Officer Baldwin in the case should have been more caution of protecting the privacy of Houghton. He continues to stress that there was not enough probable cause that was established by the officer to search Houghton’s purse for drugs. Justice Steven main concern was the equality between law enforcement and individuals. Hewitt continues to examine that Justice Steven’s opinions was base of the theory of U. S. v. Di Re. Hewitt concludes, that Justice Steven made a valid point when he illustrates that there was no difference between the ruling in U. S. Di Re and the Wyoming case. The United States v. Di Re the significant of the case is the court rule that law enforcement are not allow to use the automobile exception rule when searching a passengers ‘s pockets and underwear (Zaleman, 2008). Justice Steven’s dissent clearly states that their no difference in both Di Re and Houghton’s interference of privacy. According to Hewitt (1999), Justice Stevens emphasized that the courts should rule to require law enforcement to request a warrant, which would protect the help protect the privacy rights of individuals more. In † Better-off walking: Wyoming v. Houghton emempfies what Acevedo failed to rectify†, illustrate how Wyoming v. Houghton ruling modified the ruling that California v. Acevedo, written by Erin Meadows, indicates that more effective than Acevedo. Meadows examine the case and illustrate the advantages of the new rule change in law enforcement regulation and lower courts administrative. He also examines the history of automobile exception to the Fourth Amendment warrant requirement and how new rule change other ruling. However, California v. Acevedo did not have an impact on the court decision. The Acevedo ruling was only used during certain situation where law enforcement had lack of probable cause in performing automobile searches . In California v. Acevedo (1991) rule that a law enforcement could search automobile’s truck if have reason to believe that any container located in truck had drugs in it. Houghton provided more bright-line rule. The reason for bright-line rule was to establish the balance between law enforcement officer regulations and citizens’ Fourth Amendment. The effects of the bright-line would prohibit illegal search from happening (Meadow, 2000). The new rule provided effective advantages to law enforcement officer. Some of the advantages of the new rule for law enforcement officer are time management. In effects of the new rule, law enforcement has more time to prevent crimes from happening and less time spent on warrant requests. Second advantage of the change of law enforcement procedure is the limit of area could be search. New law limited area searches played a major role prevention of citizens’ privacy rights being violated. Wyoming v. Houghton, â€Å"police should not be allowed to search passenger procession unless probable was established to assume the passenger procession illegal contraband (Meadows, 2000). It shown in that this case had major impact on violation of privacy in the 4th Amendment. Although, the new rule is in effect, there is still some more improvement needed to control the abuse of law enforcement. Law enforcement are now more pressure to protect privacy rights of individuals and now being look at more careful by courts. For example, after the ruling in Houghton case more is Thornton v. United States (2004), Arizona v. Gant (2008), and law enforcement are still being questioned. Will this ever stop on time will tell? Work Cited 1.Chase, Carol A., â€Å" Privacy Takes a back seat : putting the automobile exception back on track after several wrong turns†, 41 b.c.l. rev. p.71,(1999) 2.Expectation of Privacy. (1996). Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of Law. Retrieved November 26, 2010 From Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.references.com/browse /Expectation of 3. Meadows, E. M. (March 2000). Better-off walking: Wyoming v. Houghton exemplifies what Acevedo failed to rectify. University of Richmond Law Review, 34, 1. P.329-358. Retrieved November 15, 2010, from LegalTrac via Gale: http://library.limestone.edu:2054/gtx/start.do?prodId=LT&userGroupName=limestonecoll 4. â€Å"Napo Files Amicus Cupriae Belief to U.S. Supreme Court, NAPO Press Release. November 9, 1998 Retrieved November 10, 2010, http//www.napo.org/press_wyoming _nov 98.html 5. Wyoming v. Sandra Houghton, 526 U.S. 295 (1999). Retrieved November 13, 2010 from http://openjurist .org/526/US/295/Wyoming –v-Sandra-Houghton 6. Wy oming v. Houghton, No. 98-184. April 5, 1999. Retrieved November 13, 2010 from http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=000&invol=98-184 7. Zaleman, M. (2008) Criminal Procedure Constitution and Society. (6th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ. Person Prentice Hall Publishing Company.